If anyone is missing a hat, it was found in the Belvidere Ave. parking. It is outside on the sign by the boardwalk.
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#OnThisDay 6 Feb 1763
Today in 1763, the French & Indian War (part of the larger Seven Years' War) ended with the signing of treaties of Hubertusburg and Paris.
The French lost all claims to Canada and gave Louisiana to Spain, the British received Spanish Florida, Upper Canada, and various French overseas holdings in the Treaty of Paris. (There are other Treaties of Paris over the year, most specifically the one that ended the American Revolution.) The Treaty of Paris also ensured colonial and maritime supremacy of Britain while strengthening the thirteen American colonies by removing European rivals (France, Spain, and to an extend, the Netherlands) to the north and south. In turn, the British created a boundary along the Appalachian Mountains that would attempt to restrict colonial expansion westward (Proclamation of 1763) and to "protect" tribal lands from colonial expansion (but it also gave the British the ability to still intervene and trade in the interior).
Read the Treaty of Paris, 1763: avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris763.asp
The Proclamation of 1763: www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1370355181092/1607905122267#sec2
The Peace of Hubertusberg was a treaty between Prussia and Austria that ended the Seven Years' War in Germany. It was signed on 15 Feb 1763 and guaranteed Frederick II the Great the ability to maintain possession of Silesia (a region in modern day Poland) and confirmed Prussia as a major European power. Due to his reform of the military and strategic territorian acquisitions, Frederick the Great combined autocratic efficiency and after 1815, Prussia became an industrial, resource-rich land like the Ruhr, which allowed it to dominate the affairs of the Germanic states.
Over a hundred years later, Prussia and the other German states unified into what we now call Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), the Prussian Minister President (1862-1890).
Read more about the unification of Germany: www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit7/Bismarck-and-German-Unific...
The French & Indian War was a significant cause of the American Revolution due to the debts the British incurred and the resulting increase of taxes on the colonists. The war also ended Britain's policy of "salutary neglect" (letting the colonies somewhat self-rule). In order to manage this incredible war debt (which was an accumulation of a series of wars in addition to the Seven Years' War) and to secure new territory, Britain began to impose a series of taxes (Stamp Act, Tea Act) and restricted westward expansion (Proclamation of 1763), all triggering the famous accusation of "no taxation without representation" and a call for unity to declare their independency.
#TreatyofParis1763 #SevenYearsWar #FrenchandIndianWar #TreatyofHubertsburg #UnificationofGermany #USHistory #EuropeanHistory #WorldHistory #ShippenManor
Resources:
Griffith IV, William R. "The French and Indian War (1754-1763): Its Consequences." American Battlefield Trust. 8 Oct 2019, updated 21 March 2025. www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/french-and-indian-war-1754-1763-its-consequences.
"Seven Years' War." National Army Museum (London). www.nam.ac.uk/explore/seven-years-war.
St. Germain, Edward. "The French and Indian War's Role in the American Revolution." American Revolution. www.americanrevolution.org/french-and-indian-war/#:~:text=But%20the%20British%20were%20unrelentin....
"The Treaty of Paris, 1763." Office of the Historian. Department of State. US Government. history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris.
"Treaty of Paris." The American Revolution. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. www.ouramericanrevolution.org/index.cfm/page/view/p0100.
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Treaty of Alliance (1778)
As a result of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga (Dec 1777), the French abandoned negotiations with Spain and agreed to meet with American diplomats (Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee) to create the "Treaty of Alliance" the following February. As a result, the American Colonies turned down the British proposal for reconciliation in January 1778. (The Americans requested peace with the Crown and Parliament a few times, but were always turned down or ignored.)
Battle of Saratoga: www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/saratoga
This agreement, signed on 6 Feb 1778, stated that the American Colonies & French would not make peace with the British until they recognied U.S. independence, and neither would agree to peace without the formal consent of the other. In addition, the French agreed to financial and military support for the Colonists.
In addition, the Americans and French signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (6 Feb 1778), which helped the new United States to gain international recognition as a free and independent nation, securing its future prosperity through trade. The draft was constructed by John Adams, a member of the Second Continental Congress.
These two documents are sometimes referred to as the Franco-American Alliance or the Treaties of Alliance and are written in both French and English.
#REV250 #TreatyofAlliance #TreatyofAmityandCommerce #Shippenmanor #WarrenCoNJ
RESOURCES
"Fighting for Independence: An Alliance with France." National Museum of American Diplomacy. diplomacy.state.gov/online-exhibits/diplomacy-is-our-mission/security/fighting-for-independence-a....
"French Alliance, French Assistance, and European Diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778-1782." Milestone Documents. National Archives. history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/french-alliance.
"Treaty of Alliance with France (1778)." Milestone Documents. National Archives. www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-alliance-with-france.
"Treaty of Amity and Commerce." Lillian Goldman Law Library. Yale Law School. avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fr1788-1.asp.
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Sullivan's Expedition, 1779
In 1779, the Sullivan (or Clinton-Sullivan) Campaign was a brutal Revolutionary War offensive ordered by Gen. Washington against the towns of British-allied Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) in upstate NY. Gen. Sullivan and over 4,000 troops destroyed 40 villages, crops and supplies in order to break British-allied native power. The primary engagement was in Newtown (29 Aug 1779), located near Elmira, NY.
- The Battle of Newtown was fought on Sunday, 29 Aug 1779 near the Indian village of the same name, on the left bank of the Chemung River, 6 miles southeast of Elmira, NY. (Later, Elmira was a site of a Civil War Union prison camp that was almost as notorious as Andersonville in Georgia.)
- The campaigned was paid by the Congress and ordered by Gen. Washington in response to an outcry by American colonists who were angered by the Iroquiois and Loyalist attacks on Cherry Valley (NY), Wyoming (NY), and German Flatts (NY) within the course of one year. Sullivan was given free reign to attack the British-allied native settlements where he burned and destroyed all homes and food supplies, captured prisoners (held as hostages) and drove the Iroquis from their lands.
These are some of the entries relative to Oxford, Hope, and other locations in the Warren Co. area (which was a part of Sussex Co. at the time). No mention was made of the Oxford Furnace or its production of cannonballs.
Sullivan's Journal Entries.
- "Monday, May 24. This morning, at about seven o'clock, the troops proceed on their march for Easton. We make but very few halts during this day's march. At about five, p.M., we arrive at a small village called Moravian Mills or Oxford. This place is pleasantly situated, lying on a small river, on which stands the most curious corn mill I ever saw. The inhabitants are of that denomination of people, called Moravians. They are of a kind and benevolent disposition. The curiousities of this place are worthy of notice, their waterworks in particular form a large fountain opposite the town, on a hill. The water is carried under ground down the hill and through the bottom of the river, to a considerable of an eminennce on the opposite site. During the preceeding day's march we travelled through an indifferent country. The people were chiefly of the Dutch descent. Nothing remarkable happens during this day's march. 16 miles." (page 179)
- "October 27th. The Army marchd on this day and Encampt in Oxford, about 8 miles from the ground we left, there was wood and straw provided at this place for the Army this place is in the Gersies [East & West Jersey]." (page 210)
- "Do 27th. Decamped and left Eastown [Easton] and Incamped at Oxford -- 12 miles from last Camp." (page 220)
- "Do. 28. Decamped in the Morning and Incamped in the Evening at Log Gaol [Johnsonburg, Frelinghuysen Twp.] this day 12 oclock pass'd thro Moravian Town [Hope] where we Refreshed..." (page 220)
- "Do - 29 - Incamped at Sussex Court House [Newton] - " (page 220)
- "Tuesday Oct. 26th. [Generals] Maxwell's & Hands Brigades crossed into Jersey & encamped." (page 274)
- "Wednesday Oct. 27th. Our Brigade with [Gen.] Hand's & the artillery who had crossed previous to our march, marched at 9 A.M. 3 miles & overtook [Gen.] Clinton & [Gen.] Poor who were upon their march; marched 10 miles further & encamped at Oxford." (page 274) - added that "After encamping the officers of our Regt collected and took a sociable drink of grog & after taking a few Buck dances marched through camp and 1-2 a mile through Phillips Burgh retired to rest." (page 274)
Journal of Rev. William Rogers, D.D. (1751-1824), who was a chaplain in Brig. Gen. Hand's Brigade (Conover, 246).
- "June 17th. About 8 o'clock, crossed Easton [PA] ferry. Easton is a pretty village, the capital of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Here I met with a large circle of my military acquaintenances of General Poor's and Maxwell's brigades... Four Stockbridge Indians are at Easton, who are to act as guides; we expect on our march the Oneidas and friendly Tuscaroras to offer us their assistance."
Journal of Lieut. John L. Hardenbergh (1748-1806), 2nd NY.
- " Sunday, 30th. - In the morning Gen. Sullivan and Col. [Adam] Hoops returned to Easton. At 7 o'clock in the morning struck tents, the regiment marched to Locust Hill and encamped there; myself was ordered to remain with the Commissary stores which would not move with the baggage for want of teams [horses, mules]." (page 120) *Col. Hoops was the brother of Major Robert Hoops of Belvidere. He is referenced first as Major and then as Colonel.
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American Commanders:
- Major Gen. John Sullivan (1740-1795): overall commander of the expedition, led main force from Easton, PA up the Susquehanna River.
- Brig. Gen. James Clinton (1736-1812): 2nd in command to Sullivan, led 1,200 soldiers from Mohawk Valley to rendezvous with Sullivan at Tioga (NY).
- Brig. Gen. William Maxwell (c. 1733-1796): commanded a brigade.
- Brig. Gen. Enoch Poor (1736-1780) was a New Hampshire officer in the Continental Army during the Revolution; commanded a brigade.
- Brig. Gen. Edward Hand (1744-1802) was the youngest Brigadier of the exepdition; led a Brigade.
Iroquois/British Commanders:
- Sayenqueraghta (Kaieñãkwaahtoñ, "Disappearing Smoke," c. 1707-1786), war chief of eastern Seneca and was from Kanadaseaga, near modern Geneva, NY.
- Cornplanter (Gaiänt'wakê or Kaiiontwa'kon, also John Abeel II, c. 1752-1836), was a Seneca chief and diplomat. After the Revolution, he led negotiations with the U.S. and was a signer of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), the Treaty of Canadaigua (1794) and other treaties and was from modern Caledonia, NY.
- Joseph Bryant (Thayendanegea, 1743-1807) was a Mohawk military and political leader from NY and Ontario.
- Little Beard (Si-gwa-ah-dog-gwih, "Spear Hanging Down", d. 1806) was a Seneca chief and was from modern Leicester, NY.
- Lt. Col. John Buter (c. 1728-1796), a British Indian Department officer, landowner and merchant who commanded Butler's Rangers. He was from New London, CT and moved to NY with his family.
Forces engaged:
- American: about 4,469
- British: 200-250 (Butler's Rangers)
- Iroquois: 1,000 (est.)
Estimated casualties:
- American: 40 killed
- British: 3 killed, 2 captured, 3 wounded
- 200 Iroquois killed
There were about 5,000 native refugees. Several hundred died from starvation, exposure and disease.
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Sullivan's Journal & other letters and writings:
Conover, George S. ed. Journals of the military expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six nations of Indians in 1779." Auburn, NY. Knapp, Peck & Thomson. 1887. archive.org/details/cu31924095654384/mode/1up.
Other resources.
"George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 31 May 1779." National Archives. founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-20-02-0661.
"Newton." American Battlefield Trust. www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/newtown.
"The Clinton-Sullivan Campaign of 1779." National Parks Service. www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-clinton-sullivan-campaign-of-1779.htm.
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Warren Co. Library Food Drive 2026
February is national canned food month.
If you are interested in donating, please see the attached flyer.
All donations benefit the NORWESCAP Food Bank.
#warrencolibrary #norwescap #cannedfooddrive #WarrenCo #ShippenManor
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The Shippens were one of the three wealthiest families in Philadelphia in the colonial through Revolutionary eras.
Dr. William Shippen, Sr. died on 6 Oct 1801 at age 90 as per the Account Book Sexton Jan. 1785-Nov 1808, Philadelphia Congregations Early Records. Page 66:
philadelphiacongregations.org/records/item/PHS.SecondPresbyterianChurchBurialRecords1785-1808_Vol...
#DrWilliamShippenSr #2ndPresbyterianChurchPhiladelphia #PhiladelphiaPA #ShippenManor #OxfordNJ #WarrenCoNJ
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